List of sovereign states by research and development spending

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

World map by Research & development spending, according to Our World in Data[1]
World map of sovereign states by research and development spending per capita, according to OECD[2]
  $2000-$2249
  $1750-$1999
  $1500-$1749
  $1250-$1499
  $1000-$1249
  $750-$999
  $500-$749
  $250-$499
  $0-$249
  No data

This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms, based on data published by World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″[3]

According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ″Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).″[4]

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.″[2]

List[edit]

The following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published by World Bank,[5] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,[6] and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.[7] The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2015 base year and Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) by OECD and as percentage of GDP.

Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.

Country/Territory/Region/Group Population WB UNECE OECD
(source: UN or official state figures) Year (% of GDP) Year (% of GDP) Year (% of GDP) Year (mil. USD) Year (USD per capita)
 Angola 34,094,077 2023 0.03% 2016
 Albania 2,761,785 2023 0.15% 2008
 United Arab Emirates 9,282,410 2020 1.50% 2021
 Argentina 46,654,581 2023 0.52% 2021 0.52% 2021 4288.02 2021 92
 Armenia 2,981,200 2023 0.21% 2021 0.21% 2021
 American Samoa 49,710 2020 0.40% 2006
 Australia 26,461,912 2023 1.83% 2019 1.80% 2019 21738.74 2019 822
 Austria 9,159,993 2024 3.26% 2021 3.19% 2020 3.26% 2021 14885.40 2021 1,625
 Azerbaijan 10,151,517 2023 0.21% 2021 0.21% 2021
 Burundi 12,837,740 2022 0.21% 2018
 Belgium 11,810,018 2023 3.43% 2021 3.46% 2020 3.43% 2021 19249.36 2021 1,630
 Burkina Faso 22,752,315 2023 0.25% 2021
 Bulgaria 6,447,710 2022 0.77% 2021 0.85% 2020
 Bahrain 1,577,059 2023 0.10% 2014
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,277,082 2022 0.19% 2021 0.19% 2021
 Belarus 9,200,617 2023 0.46% 2021 0.47% 2021
 Bermuda 64,055 2021 0.23% 2020
 Bolivia 12,006,031 2022 0.16% 2009
 Brazil 203,080,756 2022 1.15% 2020
 Brunei 445,400 2022 0.28% 2018
 Botswana 2,410,338 2021 0.56% 2013
 Canada 40,528,396 2023 1.70% 2021 1.70% 2020 1.55% 2022 29313.56 2022 723
 Switzerland 8,931,306 2023 3.36% 2021 3.19% 2019 3.36% 2021 19885.57 2021 2,227
 Chile 19,960,889 2023 0.33% 2020 0.33% 2020 1377.39 2020 69
 China 1,409,670,000 2023 2.43% 2021 2.43% 2021 620103.38 2021 440
 Ivory Coast 29,389,150 2021 0.07% 2016
 DR Congo 95,370,000 2019 0.41% 2015
 Colombia 52,215,503 2023 0.29% 2020 0.29% 2020 1835.89 2020 35
 Cape Verde 491,233 2021 0.07% 2011
 Costa Rica 5,262,225 2023 0.28% 2021 0.28% 2021 276.19 2021 52
 Cuba 11,089,511 2022 0.52% 2020
 Cyprus 918,100 2021 0.83% 2021 0.81% 2020
 Czech Republic 10,882,235 2023 2.00% 2021 1.99% 2020 2.00% 2021 8007.91 2021 736
 Germany 84,607,016 2023 3.14% 2021 3.11% 2020 3.13% 2021 129348.45 2021 1,529
 Denmark 5,961,249 2024 2.81% 2021 2.97% 2020 2.76% 2021 8818.40 2021 1,479
 Algeria 45,400,000 2022 0.53% 2017
 Ecuador 16,938,986 2022 0.44% 2014
 Egypt 104,462,545 2023 0.91% 2021
 Spain 48,592,909 2024 1.43% 2021 1.41% 2020 1.43% 2021 24006.51 2021 494
 Estonia 1,366,491 2024 1.75% 2021 1.75% 2020 1.75% 2021 848.70 2021 621
 Ethiopia 107,334,000 2023 0.27% 2017
 Finland 5,574,011 2023 2.99% 2021 2.91% 2020 2.99% 2021 7607.10 2021 1,365
 France 68,373,000 2024 2.22% 2021 2.35% 2020 2.22% 2021 63751.58 2021 932
 Faroe Islands 54,547 2023 0.85% 2003
 Gabon 2,233,272 2021 0.58% 2009
 United Kingdom 67,026,292 2021 2.91% 2021 1.72% 2019 2.91% 2021 83706.92 2021 1,249
 Georgia 3,736,400 2023 0.25% 2021 0.25% 2021
 Ghana 30,832,019 2021 0.38% 2010
 Gambia 2,417,471 2022 0.07% 2018
 Greece 10,413,982 2023 1.46% 2021 1.50% 2020 1.46% 2021 4336.30 2021 416
 Greenland 56,865 2023 0.65% 2004
 Guatemala 17,602,431 2023 0.06% 2021
 Guam 153,836 2020 0.26% 2005
 Hong Kong 7,498,100 2023 0.97% 2021
 Honduras 9,745,149 2023 0.06% 2019
 Croatia 3,855,641 2022 1.24% 2021 1.24% 2020
 Hungary 9,597,085 2023 1.64% 2021 1.59% 2020 1.64% 2021 5219.98 2021 544
 Indonesia 279,118,866 2023 0.28% 2020
 India 1,392,329,000 2023 0.65% 2020 42
 Ireland 5,281,600 2023 1.13% 2021 1.23% 2020 1.11% 2021 5636.94 2021 1,067
 Iran 84,055,000 2022 0.79% 2019
 Iraq 43,324,000 2023 0.04% 2021
 Iceland 396,960 2023 2.81% 2021 2.47% 2020 2.81% 2021 522.67 2021 1,317
 Israel 9,842,000 2023 5.56% 2021 5.35% 2020 5.56% 2021 21031.65 2021 2,137
 Italy 58,919,345 2023 1.45% 2021 1.53% 2020 1.45% 2021 33135.88 2021 562
 Jamaica 2,825,544 2019 0.06% 2002
 Jordan 11,302,000 2022 0.70% 2016
 Japan 124,090,000 2024 3.30% 2021 3.30% 2021 172062.49 2021 1,387
 Kazakhstan 20,033,546 2024 0.13% 2021 0.13% 2021
 Kenya 51,526,000 2023 0.69% 2010
 Kyrgyzstan 7,100,000 2023 0.08% 2021 0.09% 2020
 Cambodia 17,091,464 2023 0.12% 2015
 South Korea 51,439,038 2022 4.93% 2021 4.93% 2021 110148.08 2021 2,141
 Kuwait 4,670,713 2020 0.19% 2020
 Laos 7,443,000 2022 0.04% 2002
 Saint Lucia 178,696 2018 0.27% 1999
 Sri Lanka 22,037,000 2023 0.12% 2020
 Lesotho 2,306,000 2023 0.05% 2015
 Lithuania 2,886,515 2024 1.11% 2021 1.15% 2020 1.11% 2021 1146.70 2021 397
 Luxembourg 660,809 2023 1.04% 2021 1.12% 2020 1.04% 2021 735.37 2021 1,113
 Latvia 1,872,500 2024 0.74% 2021 0.69% 2020 0.74% 2021 420.07 2021 224
 Macau 681,300 2023 0.38% 2021
 Morocco 37,022,000 2023 0.66% 2010
 Monaco 39,050 2022 0.04% 2005
 Moldova 2,512,758 2023 0.23% 2021 0.23% 2021
 Madagascar 26,923,353 2021 0.01% 2017
 Mexico 129,406,736 2023 0.30% 2020 0.33% 2017 7673.49 2017 59
 North Macedonia 1,832,696 2021 0.38% 2021 0.38% 2021
 Mali 22,395,489 2022 0.17% 2021
 Malta 519,562 2021 0.67% 2021 0.67% 2020
 Myanmar 55,770,232 2022 0.15% 2021
 Montenegro 616,695 2023 0.36% 2019 0.36% 2019
 Mongolia 3,457,548 2022 0.13% 2020
 Mozambique 32,419,747 2022 0.31% 2015
 Mauritania 4,475,683 2023 0.01% 2018
 Mauritius 1,261,041 2023 0.37% 2021
 Malaysia 33,379,500 2023 0.95% 2020
 Namibia 2,641,857 2023 0.35% 2014
 Nigeria 216,783,381 2022 0.13% 2007
 Nicaragua 6,733,763 2022 0.11% 2015
 Netherlands 17,947,684 2023 2.31% 2021 2.30% 2020 2.27% 2021 21650.62 2021 1,206
 Norway 5,550,203 2023 1.94% 2021 2.28% 2020 1.94% 2021 7008.90 2021 1,263
 Nepal 29,164,578 2021 0.30% 2010
 New Zealand 5,305,600 2023 1.45% 2021 1.47% 2021 3060.20 2021 577
 Oman 5,113,071 2023 0.29% 2021
 Pakistan 241,499,431 2023 0.16% 2021
 Panama 4,337,406 2021 0.16% 2021
 Peru 33,396,698 2022 0.17% 2020
 Philippines 112,892,781 2023 0.32% 2018
 Papua New Guinea 11,781,559 2021 0.03% 2016
 Poland 37,653,000 2023 1.44% 2021 1.39% 2020 1.43% 2021 18309.58 2021 486
 Puerto Rico 3,205,691 2023 0.43% 2015
 Portugal 10,467,366 2022 1.68% 2021 1.61% 2020 1.73% 2022 6110.54 2022 584
 Paraguay 6,109,644 2022 0.16% 2020
 Palestine 5,483,450 2023 0.45% 2013
 Qatar 2,656,032 2023 0.68% 2021
 Romania 19,051,562 2023 0.47% 2021 0.47% 2020 0.47% 2021 2531.10 2021 133
 Russia 146,424,729 2023 1.09% 2020 1.09% 2020 1.10% 2020 40322.30 2020 275
 Rwanda 13,246,394 2022 0.76% 2019
 Saudi Arabia 32,175,224 2022 0.45% 2021
 Sudan 41,984,500 2018 0.22% 2005
 Senegal 18,275,743 2023 0.58% 2015
 Singapore 5,917,600 2023 2.16% 2020 2.22% 2020 11435.91 2020 1,933
 El Salvador 6,884,888 2022 0.16% 2020
 Serbia 6,641,197 2023 0.99% 2021 0.99% 2021
 Slovakia 5,426,468 2023 0.92% 2021 0.90% 2020 0.92% 2021 1692.63 2021 312
 Slovenia 2,123,103 2023 2.13% 2021 2.14% 2020 2.13% 2021 1683.49 2021 793
 Sweden 10,551,707 2023 3.42% 2021 3.49% 2020 3.40% 2021 18504.33 2021 1,754
 Eswatini 1,223,362 2023 0.27% 2015
 Seychelles 100,447 2022 0.22% 2016
 Syria 22,923,000 2021 0.02% 2015
 Chad 17,414,717 2022 0.30% 2016
 Togo 8,095,498 2022 0.20% 2014
 Thailand 68,263,022 2021 1.33% 2020
 Tajikistan 10,077,600 2023 0.09% 2020 0.09% 2020
 Trinidad and Tobago 1,367,510 2023 0.06% 2020
 Tunisia 11,850,232 2023 0.75% 2019
 Turkey 85,372,377 2023 1.40% 2021 1.09% 2020 1.40% 2021 37144.00 2021 435
 Taiwan 23,420,442 2023 3.77% 2021 51229.88 2021 2,187
 Tanzania 61,741,120 2022 0.51% 2013
 Uganda 45,562,000 2023 0.14% 2014
 Ukraine 36,700,000 2023 0.29% 2021 0.29% 2021
 Uruguay 3,444,263 2023 0.45% 2020
 United States 335,893,238 2024 3.46% 2021 3.42% 2020 3.46% 2021 709712.90 2021 2,113
 Uzbekistan 36,599,764 2023 0.13% 2021 0.13% 2021
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 110,872 2022 0.11% 2002
 Venezuela 28,302,000 2019 0.34% 2014
 U.S. Virgin Islands 87,146 2020 0.03% 2007
 Vietnam 100,300,000 2023 0.43% 2021
 South Africa 62,027,503 2022 0.60% 2020 0.60% 2020 4457.37 2020 72
 Zambia 19,610,769 2022 0.28% 2008
United Nations WORLD 8,091,885,000 2024 2.71% 2021
Low & middle income (WB) 1.64% 2020
Low-income (WB)
Middle-income (WB) 1.64% 2020
Lower middle income (WB) 0.58% 2017
Upper middle income (WB) 2.24% 2021
High-income (WB) 2.94% 2021
European Union 447,319,916 2020 2.28% 2021 2.16% 2021 400168.50 2021 895
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) 1,376,606,820 2022 3.01% 2021 2.72% 2021 1618857.48 2021 1,176

References[edit]

  1. ^ Our World in Data. "Research & development spending as a share of GDP". ourworldindata.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  2. ^ a b Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  3. ^ World Bank. "Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  4. ^ United Nations. "Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  5. ^ World Bank. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  6. ^ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. "Indicator 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". w3.unece.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  7. ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.

See also[edit]